摘要 : Cancer is a malignant disease that has caused millions of human deaths. Its study has a long history of well over 100 years. There have been an enormous number of publications on cancer research. This integrated but unstructured biomedical text is of great value for cancer diagnostics, treatment, and prevention. The immense body and rapid growth of biomedical text on cancer has led to the appearance of a large number of text mining techniques aimed at extracting novel knowledge from scientific text. Biomedical text mining on cancer research is computationally automatic and high-throughput in nature. However, it is error-prone due to the complexity of natural language processing. In this review, we introduce the basic concepts underlying text mining and examine some frequently used algorithms, tools, and data sets, as well as assessing how much these algorithms have been utilized. We then discuss the current state-of-the-art text mining applications in cancer research and we also provide some resources for cancer text mining. With the development of systems biology, researchers tend to understand complex biomedical systems from a systems biology viewpoint. Thus, the full utilization of text mining to facilitate cancer systems biology research is fast becoming a major concern. To address this issue, we describe the general workflow of text mining in cancer systems biology and each phase of the workflow. We hope that this review can (i) provide a useful overview of the current work of this field; (ii) help researchers to choose text mining tools and datasets; and (iii) highlight how to apply text mining to assist cancer systems biology research.

摘要 : While inheriting the exceptional merits of single atom catalysts, diatomic site catalysts (DASCs) utilize two adjacent atomic metal species for their complementary functionalities and synergistic actions. Herein, a DASC consisting of nickel-iron hetero-diatomic pairs anchored on nitrogen-doped graphene is synthesized. It exhibits extraordinary electrocatalytic activities and stability for both CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Furthermore, the rechargeable Zn-CO2 battery equipped with such bifunctional catalyst shows high Faradaic efficiency and outstanding rechargeability. The in-depth experimental and theoretical analyses reveal the orbital coupling between the catalytic iron center and the adjacent nickel atom, which leads to alteration in orbital energy level, unique electronic states, higher oxidation state of iron, and weakened binding strength to the reaction intermediates, thus boosted CO2RR and OER performance. This work provides critical insights to rational design, working mechanism, and application of hetero-DASCs. Diatomic site catalysts utilize two adjacent atomic metal species for their complementary functionalities and synergistic actions. Here, the authors report the orbital coupling of hetero-diatomic nickel-iron site boosts CO2 reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction.

摘要 : Highlights • A novel all-solid Z-scheme heterojunction Bi 7 O 9 I 3 /g-C 3 N 4 is successfully synthesized. • Synthesis is made under a normal pressure/temperature without toxic/harmful reagents. • Bi 7 O 9 I 3 /g-C 3 N 4 has excellent separation efficiency for photo-generated carriers. • Bi 7 O 9 I 3 /g-C 3 N 4 has high photocatalytic and mineralization ability of antibiotics. • Degradation pathway, electron transfer pathway and reaction mechanism are discussed. Abstract To reduce the recombination of electron-hole pairs, broaden the response scope to visible light, improve the synthesis method and enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ), a novel all-solid direct Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully constructed by in situ growth of bismuth oxyiodide (Bi 7 O 9 I 3 ) on ultrathin g-C 3 N 4 . The synthesis process was finished under a normal pressure and temperature without any toxic or harmful reagents. As-prepared photocatalyst of BCN-0.2 can be easily excited under visible light and shows an excellent photo-degradation and mineralization capacity of doxycycline hydrochloride. Oxhydryl and superoxide radicals are dominant. Moreover, the Z-scheme heterojunction Bi 7 O 9 I 3 /g-C 3 N 4 has quite stable crystal structure and recycling ability. The present work exhibits a mild and feasible synthesis method for an all-solid direct Z-scheme heterojunction to improve the photocatalytic ability of pollutants. Graphical abstract Download high-res image (161KB) Download full-size image

摘要 : Organic upconversion is a unique process in which low-energy light (usually NIR light) is converted to high-energy light through either the two-photon absorption (TPA) mechanism or the triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) mechanism. Both TPA upconversion (TPA-UC) and TTA upconversion (TTA-UC) have been actively investigated in recent years due to their intriguing applications in optics, biophotonics, and solar energy utilization. Although they show some similarity (i.e., belonging to the nonlinear two-quantum process and needing focused excitation light), TPA-UC and TTA-UC are very different, such as in mechanism, characteristics involved, molecular design and potential applications. Here, we collectively reviewed these two kinds of upconversion processes and compared their respective characteristics and merits. We also present recent advances made in the areas of TPA- and TTA-UC, the remaining challenges and opportunities, with particular emphasis on molecular engineering of these two active upconversion materials.

摘要 : Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are one promising power source with low cost, abundant resource supply and good environmental benignity, but the development of a large capacity and long cycle life anode remains a great challenge. Unique lychee-like FeS2@FeSe2 core–shell microspheres were fabricated and used as an anode material for SIBs, delivering a high discharge capacity of 350 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 2700 cycles, and even up to 301.5 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 3850 cycles with over 97% coulombic efficiency. The significant enhancement in performance is contributed by the structure and chemistry of FeS2@FeSe2 core–shell microspheres, which are stacked into a uniformly distributed porous spheres-based electrode for fast mass transport to access both the FeS2 core and the FeSe2 shell, and the more conductive shell FeSe2 encapsulates the less conductive FeS2 for fast electron transfer/transport while preventing the aggregation of active FeS2 for a large reaction surface. This model may reveal an important scientific insight that the size of microspheres of less than diffusion thickness can make the electrochemical reaction take place without a diffusion limit like a surface-controlled pseudocapacitive behavior for an extremely rapid electron transport pathway. This study vividly demonstrates the great synergistic effects of the physics and chemistry of a nano/microstructure on the performance of energy storage devices, and the approach to the design of such a core–shell structure may have universal significance for the large capacity and long cycle life of SIBs.

摘要 : Inspired by the natural photosynthesis in green plants, artificial heterogeneous Z-scheme photocatalytic systems are widely used to settle environmental concerns and energy crises, and their excellent characteristics come from long-term stability, wide absorption range, high charge-separation efficiency, and strong redox ability. However, the contribution of the surface-adsorbed dyes antenna molecule is seldom considered in the process of Z-scheme photocatalysis. In this study, we construct AgBr quantum dots decorated MoO3 nanobelts as a novel Z-scheme photocatalyst by an oriented diffusing and charge induced deposition. For the first time, we find the synergistic effect caused by the suitable energy band match among RhB dyes, AgBr nanoparticles, and MoO3 nanobelts, leading to the ultrafast dye-sensitized-assisted electron transfer process. This is responsible for excellent photocatalytic activities of the achieved AgBr/MoO3 monolithic catalyst for degrading RhB under visible light irradiation. Simultaneously, changing of the band gaps and detailed mechanism for high efficiency degradation is analyzed and explored by theoretical calculations and designing further experiments. It is proposed that ultrafast degradation of the RhB on the AgBr/MoO3 nanocomposites is due to both the photocatalytic process and the dye sensitization; the superoxide radical O2−, which is produced by accumulated dye-sensitization-induced abundant electrons with powerful potential in the CB of AgBr accompanying by quick combination of electrons in the CB of MoO3 with photogenerated holes in the VB of AgBr, is a dominant reactive species for the degradation of RhB under visible light irradiation.

摘要 : Highlights • An in situ crosslinking blend strategy were adopted to fabricate membrane. • Both of P(MMA-co-GMA) and PEI were chosen during membrane preparation to reduce losses of the hydrophilic additives. • The blend PVDF membrane is superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic. • The blend PVDF membrane exhibits excellent performance for oil/water emulsion separations. • The blend PVDF membrane withstands repeated use and long-term operation. Abstract Poly(methyl methacrylate- co -glycidyl methacrylate) P(MMA-co-GMA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) were blended with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) via phase separation and allowed to undergo in situ crosslinking copolymerization to produce a superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic membrane for oil/water emulsion separation. The P(MMA-co-GMA) copolymer served as a crosslinker for the crosslinking copolymerization of the hydrophilic PEI polymer. Both of these polymers were chosen to reduce losses of the hydrophilic polymers typically encountered during membrane preparation. The successful preparation of these coatings was demonstrated by TGA, SEM, ATR-FTIR and XPS characterization. Blending with the hydrophilic components significantly improved the hydrophilicity of the blend PVDF membranes. The membrane became superhydrophilic and superoleophobic underwater while also exhibiting underwater anti-oil-fouling performance. The blend PVDF membrane can intercept the oil droplets while allowing water to pass through, exhibiting excellent performance for oil/water emulsion separations. In addition, the blend PVDF membrane withstands repeated use and long-term operation due to the in situ crosslinking strategy employed. Graphical abstract Download high-res image (321KB) Download full-size image

摘要 : Piezoelectrically-induced catalytic effect, piezocatalysis, is considered with a great potential in addressing the environmental issues. In this work, BaTiO 3 nanowires (BTO NWs) were prepared by combining the sol-gel-based electrospinning technique and post calcination process. Their microstructure characteristics, including crystal structure, crystalline size, surface area and dimension, were effectively adjusted by altering the calcination temperature, calcination time or precursor concentration. And the roles of these microstructure characteristics in the piezocatalytic activity were thoroughly investigated by degradation of methyl orange solution under ultrasonic vibration. Results indicated that the crystal structure and surface area play an important role in piezocatalytic activity of BTO NWs. Moreover, experimental results indicated that BTO NWs with smaller diameter or being composed of smaller size crystallites contributes to better piezocatalytic performance. Our present work gives a clear understanding of the role of microstructure in piezocatalysis and provides a way to develop high performance piezocatalysts.

摘要 : Thermal energy harvesting technologies based on composite phase change materials (PCMs) are capable of harvesting tremendous amounts of thermal energy via isothermal phase transitions, thus showing enormous potential in the design of state-of-the-art renewable energy infrastructure. Great progress has been recently made in terms of enhancing the thermal energy storage capability, transfer rate, conversion efficiency and utilization of composite PCMs. Although there are some recent reviews on composite PCMs, they are mainly concentrated on the thermal transfer enhancement and conventional utilization of PCMs. There are few systematic reviews concerning optimization strategies of PCM for thermal energy conversion. In particular, advanced multifunctional utilization of PCMs is still in its infancy. Herein, we systematically summarize the optimization strategies and mechanisms of recently reported composite PCMs for thermal energy storage, thermal transfer, energy conversion (solar-to-thermal, electro-to-thermal and magnetic-to-thermal conversion) and advanced utilization (fluorescence emission, infrared stealth technologies, drug release systems, thermotherapy and thermal protection), including some novel supporting materials (BN nanosheets and metal organic frameworks (MOFs)). Simultaneously, we provide in-depth and constructive insights into the correlations between the structural optimization strategies and thermal performances of composite PCMs. Finally, future research trends, alternative strategies and prospects are also highlighted according to up-to-date optimization strategies.

摘要 : Abstract Land application of biochar has been increasingly recommended as a powerful strategy for carbon sequestration and soil remediation. However, the biochar particles, especially those in the nanoscale range, may migrate or carry the inherent contaminants along the soil profile, posing a potential risk to the groundwater. This study investigated the transport and retention of wood chip-derived biochar nanoparticles (NPs) in water-saturated columns packed with a paddy soil. The environmentally-relevant soil solution chemistry including ionic strength (0.10–50 mM), electrolyte type (NaCl and CaCl2), and natural organic matter (0–10 mg L−1 humic acid) were tested to elucidate their effects on the biochar NPs transport. Higher mobility of biochar NPs was observed in the soil at lower ionic strengths, with CaCl2 electrolyte being more effective than NaCl in decreasing biochar NPs transport. The retained biochar NPs in NaCl was re-entrained (∼57.7%) upon lowering transient pore-water ionic strength, indicating that biochar NPs were reversibly retained in the secondary minimum. In contrast, negligible re-entrainment of biochar NPs occurred in CaCl2 due to the primary minimum and/or particle aggregation. Humic acid increased the mobility of biochar NPs, likely due to enhanced electrosteric repulsive interactions. The transport behaviors of biochar NPs can be well interpreted by a two-site kinetic retention model that assumes reversible retention for one site, and irreversible retention for the other site. Our findings indicated that the transport of wood chip biochar NPs is significant in the paddy soil, highlighting the importance of understanding the mobility of biochar NPs in natural soils for accurately assessing their environmental impacts.