摘要 : One-to-one teaching remains significant in music teaching, however, this approach to Western Classical Instrumental Music (WCIM) teaching in higher education institutes prioritizes the technical aspect of music and tends to ignore its interpretive aspects and music institutions are often called to justify the need for such an expensive and resource-intensive approach to music education. The mastery of musical instruments requires a sensibility towards the music as well as a competency to interpret music, and manipulate the instruments. Therefore, there is a significant need to investigate the need for developing students' higher order thinking skills (HOTS) within this context. The present study adopts an exploratory sequential mixed approach to collect data by interviewing 15 teachers and surveying 538 students for Need Analysis in higher education. The findings revealed that teachers and students in one-to-one WCIM instruction have a strong Target Need for developing HOTS in Higher Education. Meanwhile, more practice on HOTS for students within the classroom is vital Route for Learning Needs, however, there is a challenge in stimulating different levels of students' motivation to explore independently. Furthermore, given the current obstacles faced by teachers, the present study implies the need for broader HOTS studies on WCIM teaching and learning, which will bring benefit to both students' lifelong learning and healthy development of WCIM education discipline. In addition, the study recommends the designing and developing of a more feasible framework for teachers as an urgent further study to improve the HOTS implementation.

摘要 : The study examines how the Tourist Law modifies the supply side to facilitate the growth of the tourism industry and optimize intra-firms' income structures. It establishes a theoretical foundation for supporting structural transformation in the tourism industry's supply chain. This study examines a selection of A-listed tourist firms from 2011 to 2020. Implementing the Tourism Law is a more effective approach to eliminate income gaps among enterprises than reducing the manager or employees' salaries. Furthermore, this favorable outcome is achieved by promoting enterprise aggregation, varying for each resource investment.

摘要 : Sound-induced flash illusion (SiFI) is an auditory-dominant multisensory illusion that can be used to assess multisensory integration. Although previous studies have shown that one-time intervention exercise training does not significantly affect SiFI, the long-term improvement of SiFI with exercise training remains controversial. In the present study, the classical SiFI paradigm was used to investigate the effects of long-term exercise training on the SiFI. Differences in SiFI among the skill exercise, physical exercise, and control groups were also assessed. The results showed that SiFI was lower in both the skill group and the physical group than in the control group (Experiment 1), and the skill group had a lower SiFI than the control group because the skill group had a finer temporal binding window of multisensory integration (Experiment 2). In addition, previous studies have shown that brain plasticity in athletes of open skill exercises is predominantly in the cerebellum and that exercise skill learning is associated with cerebellar neuroplasticity. Therefore, we used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to modulate the cerebellum to examine whether the cerebellum was involved in SiFI (Experiment 3). The results showed that the cerebellum was involved in the SiFI, and the reduction in the SiFI in the skill group was due to the increase in developed cerebellar function resulting from long-term skill training. These results suggest that long-term skill exercise training is effective at preventing SiFI, and the present study provides empirical support for intervention training in the area of multisensory integration.

摘要 : "Red tourism" serves political and educational functions. It could take dark tourism sites as the spatial basis for constructing the red experience, with patriotism cultivation as the result. Taking the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders as a case study, this research integrates field survey data, spatial luminosity, and user-generated content. It explores how the museum space unifies the spiritual production of body (visual darkness), experience (dark and red experiences), and patriotism, illustrates how the official discourse constructs the sites as a red experience, and demonstrates the process of transforming abstract history into individual psychological experiences through bodily and personal narration. Furthermore, this research constructs an approach from individual to collective emotion and the production mechanism of patriotism. The study offers a new reference for tourism experience and provides a highly representative case and theoretical analysis for "dark" and "red" tourism.

摘要 : Within an object-interdependent context, we conducted three experiments to investigate the influence of social comparisons on cooperative behavior, as well as to assess the mediating and moderating effects of related variables. In Experiment 1 (n = 207), we examined whether social comparisons impact cooperative behavior toward a comparator in a dictator game task. Here, we specifically focused on the mediating effects of evaluation of others' competence, along with three other potential mediators: self-competence evaluation, positive emotions, and negative emotions. Following the insights gained from Experiment 1, we proceeded to Experiments 2 (n = 279) and 3 (n = 298) to further explore whether social distance moderates the mediating effect of evaluation of others' competence. The results of all three experiments consistently indicated that upward (vs. non-) comparison facilitated cooperative behavior, whereas downward (vs. non-) comparison hindered it. Furthermore, our findings revealed that evaluation of others' competence served as a mediator between social comparison and cooperative behavior when the comparator (i.e., the cooperative partner) was perceived as being at a far-distance, whereas the mediating effect of evaluation of others' competence disappeared when social distance was close. These results reveal the pivotal role of evaluating others' competence and social distance in social interactions from the perspective of social comparison, which provides insights into how to promote cooperative behavior.

摘要 : With the changes in people's spatial cognitions, preferences and behavior patterns as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the way transit-oriented development (TOD) boosts economic vitality has enormously altered. Hence, this study employs machine learning methods to explore the effects of TOD on economic vitality under COVID-19 and recalibrate existing TOD planning models and design principles. Based on multi-source data of Hong Kong, it measures economic vitality of MTR station areas with life service reviews and depicts built environment therein from three dimensions including node, tie, and place. It discovers that (1) the outbreak of COVID-19 impaired the economic vitality effects of TOD' (2) the global relative importance of MTR station centrality and ground space index declined during the outbreak and bounced back afterwards, meanwhile, that of street centrality, street betweenness, street detour ratio, and green space coverage increased and that of bus density, MTR station betweenness, and average building height decreased' (3) the economic vitality effects of TOD were nonlinear, and the threshold values and effective ranges of built environment variables remained constant across the time' (4) the economic vitality effects of TOD were moderated by the pandemic. This study enlightens urban policymakers and practitioners with nuanced criteria for pandemic-adaptive TOD planning and design strategies.

摘要 : Visual attention is intrinsically rhythmic and oscillates based on the discrete sampling of either single or multiple objects. Recently, studies have found that the early visual cortex (V1/V2) modulates attentional rhythms. Both monocular and binocular cells are present in the early visual cortex, which acts as a transfer station for transformation of the monocular visual pathway into the binocular visual pathway. However, whether the neural site of attentional rhythms is in the monocular or binocular visual pathway needs further study. In the current study, we leveraged the anatomical features of the monocular and binocular pathway to design a paradigm with same-eye and different-eye presentations of cues and targets. By combining this approach with EEG recordings and analysis the impulse response function (TRF), we aimed to address this question. In Experiment 1, we reset the phase of attentional rhythms in one monocular channel (left eye or right eye) by a dichoptic cue and tracked the impulse response function (TRF) of the monocular channel in the left and right eye separately. We found no significant differences in the respective TRFs and their spectra for each eye, suggesting that attention rarely switched between the two eyes, indicating that the binocular visual pathway, not the monocular visual pathway, is the neural site of attentional rhythms. These results were verified when resetting the phases of attentional rhythms by a binocular cue in Experiment 2. These results suggest that attentional rhythms may be sensitive to activities in the binocular visual pathway.

摘要 : Objectives Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) not only increases the needs of children with ASD and presents significant challenges for families, leading to higher anxiety levels in parents, particularly mothers, but also highlights the need to focus on internal protective factors to alleviate their anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the influence of mother's involvement in raising children with autism on maternal anxiety and the mediating role of parental psychological flexibility.Method Mother's involvement in the Parenting Questionnaire, Parental Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire, and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale were used to assess 80 mothers of children with autism. We utilized SPSS 22.0 for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis, employed the PROCESS macro to test the mediation model, and conducted exploratory mediation effect analyses by dividing sub-dimensions of maternal involvement and parental psychological flexibility to explore specific mechanisms.Results The results showed that maternal involvement in parenting was negatively related to maternal anxiety, while parental psychological flexibility (cognitive defusion, committed action, and acceptance) fully mediated the relationship between maternal involvement and maternal anxiety. Further research found that maternal cognitive defusion and committed action were significant partial mediators of the relationship between the sub-dimension of maternal participation in parenting, "maternal behavioral discipline", and maternal anxiety.Conclusions These findings suggest that mothers may be able to reduce anxiety by increasing parental psychological flexibility (cognitive defusion and committed action) when parenting children with autism. Key PointsWhat is already known about this topic: ASD not only increases the needs of children with ASD compared to typically developing children but also poses significant challenges for families, leading to higher psychological problems among parents, particularly anxiety.The anxiety levels of mothers of children with ASD are significantly higher than those of mothers with typically developing children.Both external factors and internal factors influence maternal anxiety, but focusing on internal protective factors may offer a more stable and efficient solution to alleviate anxiety.What this topic adds: Maternal involvement in parenting negatively predicts maternal anxiety and parental psychological flexibility has a significant mediating effect.Mother's cognitive defusion and commitment to action have partial mediating effects.Increasing maternal psychological flexibility can reduce maternal anxiety.

摘要 : In the grey prediction, the GM(N, 1) model is an important type. There are relatively more studies on the GM(2, 1) model, but most scholars used the GM(2, 1) model to explore the prediction problem of monotone time sequences and only a few scholars used the GM(2, 1) model to predict non-monotone time sequences, such as the quarterly variation sequence. The paper uses the GM(2, 1) model to predict quarterly variation sequences. To improve the modeling precision, the paper makes improvements in the following three aspects: (1) to improve quarterly data's adaptability to the model, the paper improves the original time sequence, i.e. introducing a quarterly multiple factor for a data transformation of the original time sequence' (2) to make the model present quarterly data's variation characteristics, the paper improves the traditional GM(2, 1) model's structure, i.e. introducing a superposed trigonometric function to extend the model's grey action' (3) to improve the model's simulation and prediction precision, the paper improves the parameter optimization method, i.e. considering the minimum of the maximum of average simulation and prediction relative errors as the objective function. The results of this study are as follows: (1) the introduction of seasonal multiplication factor enhances the adaptability of quarterly data to the model' (2) the expanded model can reflect the characteristics of seasonal data changes' (3) examples show that the simulation and prediction accuracies of the expanded model are very high, and the average simulation relative error is only 1.44%, and the average prediction relative error is only 1.43%. The errors are very small' (4) the simulation and prediction accuracies of the extended model are significantly higher than those of the traditional and comparative models.

摘要 : Frontier research has focused more on the sustainable economic development (SED) of developing countries, with slightly less attention paid to the SED of underdeveloped regions in developing countries, especially without analyzing their driving factors from the dual perspectives of domestic and international capital. In fact, as an important factor in economic growth, capital is also the core driving force for achieving SED. This paper takes the five provinces (autonomous regions) of northwest China (NC) as a case study based on unbalanced panel data from 26 cities from 2000 to 2020 and employs the dynamic degree and MSAR model to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of SED; the results indicate that the SED of NC exhibits an irregular pattern overall, the differences between provinces at the same time point are relatively small, and the same applies to prefecture-level cities. The spatial agglomeration characteristic of SED in NC is evident, with significant room for improvement. Additionally, this paper evaluates the impact of capital on the SED of NC through the two-way fixed effects model and the mediation effect model and finds that foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have a "first-rising-then-declining" impact on the SED of NC, while financing constraints (FC) play a promoting role in the SED of NC. Furthermore, FDI inflows subsequently impact the SED of NC by affecting regional FC, with FC acting as a mediating variable in the influence of FDI on the SED of NC. In terms of policy implications, NC should make rational use of FDI, control the pace of easing FC, and precisely promote the SED of NC from a capital-driven perspective. Other underdeveloped areas in developing countries can take this as a reference to promote SED.