摘要 : The pilot-scale simultaneous denitrification and methanation (SDM)-partial nitrification (PN)-anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) system was designed to treat anaerobic digestion effluent of kitchen waste (ADE-KW). The SDM-PN was first started to avoid the inhibition of high-concentration pollutants. Subsequently, Anammox was coupled to realize autotrophic nitrogen removal. Shortcut nitrification–denitrification achieved by the SDM-PN. The NO 2 – -N accumulation (92 %) and NH 4 + -N conversion (60 %) were achieved by PN, and the removal of TN and COD from the SDM-PN was 70 % and 73 %, respectively. After coupling Anammox, the TN (95 %) was removed with a TN removal rate of 0.51 kg·m −3 ·d -1 . Microbiological analyses showed a shift from dominance by Methanothermobacter to co-dominance by Methanothermobacter, Thermomonas, and Flavobacterium in SDM during the SDM-PN. While after coupling Anammox, Candidatus kuenenia was enriched in the Anammox zone, the SDM zone shifted back to being dominated by Methanothermobacter . Overall, this study provides new ideas for the treatment of ADE-KW.

摘要 : Ultraviolet (UV) light plays a crucial role in various applications, but currently, the efficiency of generating artificial UV light is low. The visible-to-ultraviolet (Vis-to-UV) system based on the triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) mechanism can be a viable solution. Metal-free multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials are ideal photosensitizers (PSs) apart from the drawback of high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). Herein, we systematically investigated the impact of the heavy-atom effect (HAE) on the MR-TADF sensitizers. BNCzBr was then synthesized by incorporating a bromine atom into the skeleton of the precursor BNCz. Impressively, the internal HAE (iHAE) leads to a significantly decreased PLQY and a remarkably increased intersystem crossing quantum yield (ΦISC). Consequently, a higher upconversion quantum efficiency of 12.5% was realized. While the external HAE (eHAE) harms the UC performance. This work guides the further development of MR-TADF sensitizers for high-performance Vis-to-UV TTA-UC systems.

摘要 : A battery thermal management system (BTMS) is crucial for the safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles. To improve the BTMS in terms of cooling performance and pumping cost, an innovative liquid immersion battery cooling system (LIBCS) using flow guides with fish-shaped holes is proposed. The design of this flow guide is grounded in conformal mapping technology and bionics principles. An electrochemical-thermal model for the battery module is established by the Multi-Scale Multi-Domain approach with the Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim model. The simulation and experimental results show good agreement, with mean absolute errors of 0.0174 V, 0.126 °C, and 0.042 Pa for LIB voltage, maximum temperature, and average pressure drop, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of four different battery pack structures on the performance of LIBCSs under different operating conditions are investigated. For LIBs at a 3C discharge rate, the LIBCS using common flow guides decreases the maximum LIB temperature by 5.3 % at a mass flow rate of 0.00273 kg/s compared to the without flow guide case, but it increases the pump power consumption by 81.4 %. However, using flow guides with circular holes or fish-shaped holes reduces the maximum LIB temperature by 9.2 % and 12.2 %, respectively, compared to LIBCS using common flow guides, while maintaining maximum temperature differences within 5 °C. Interestingly, the LIBCS using flow guides with fish-shaped holes reduces the pump power consumption by 42.1 % and 11.8 %, respectively, compared to the common flow guide and flow guide with circular holes cases under the same operating conditions. Additionally, the comprehensive performance factor of LIBCS using flow guides with fish-shaped holes improves by 24 %, 39.3 % and 7.3 % at a mass flow rate of 0.00273 kg/s, respectively, compared to cases using no flow guide, common flow guides and flow guides with circular holes, indicating greater value for application in practical engineering.

摘要 : Energy shortage hinders the rapid development of today's society, and the emergence of electronic travel equipment alleviates this phenomenon to a certain extent. The batteries are the energy storage part of electric equipment. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a fresh sort of porous crystal materials with controllable structure, large specific surface area, and adjustable pore size. MOFs are good electrode materials, which are used to make a variety of friendly environment, long cycling life and superior energy density of new batteries. Furthermore, MOFs are also used in separators and electrolytes, which have a lot of application space in batteries. In this review, the up-to-date research advance of MOF materials in various kinds of batteries (lithium-ion batteries, lithium oxygen batteries, lithium sulfur batteries, zinc-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, etc.) is reviewed. Moreover, concisely introduced several conventional synthesis approaches of MOFs. Finally, Perspectives and directions on the future improvement of MOF in energy storage devices are proposed for meeting the requirement of practical applications.

摘要 : Nowadays, autotrophic nitrogen removal of mainstream municipal wastewater by anammox is highly promising. However, due to the lack of a long-term stable nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) inhibition strategy, the accumulation of NO 3 − -N byproducts severely affects the nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE). In this study, a simultaneous autotrophy-heterotrophy coupled anammox system was developed in a microaerobic/oxygen-limited SBR through the co-induction of the regulation of aeration intensity and limited organics to achieve the optimization of the mainstream Partial nitrification-anammox (PN/A) processes. The nitrogen removal system constructed by anammox and denitrification achieved the high NRE of 90.77 ± 1.82 %. Under the autotrophic-heterotrophic multiple induction of nitrite supply (PN, partial denitrification and endogenous partial denitrification), the contribution of the nitrogen removal by anammox increased to 57.93 %. The high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that the relative abundance of AnAOB increased from 0.40 % to 0.67 %. In-situ tests assay further demonstrated that the realization of multi-channel nitrite supply facilitated the enrichment of anammox bacteria (AnAOB). The endogenous denitrifying bacterial genus Candidatus ( Ca. ) Competibacter was significantly enriched in the system (7.98 %, P ≤ 0.001), which enhanced the deep removal of NO X − -N and organics. Correlation network analysis indicated that closer and more balanced interspecies interactions were the key to the high efficiency and stability of the autotrophy-heterotrophy coupled anammox system. Based on the nitrite recirculation and denitrification performance, the simultaneous autotrophy-heterotrophy coupled anammox system established by the novel SBR provides a potential strategy for mainstream anammox applications.

摘要 : Immobilizing Fe-based nanoparticles on electron-rich biochar has becoming an attractive heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts (Fe/BC) for wastewater decontamination. However, the insufficient graphitization of biochar causing low electron transfer and by slow H 2 O 2 activation limited its application. Herein, we firstly constructed FeS/biochar composite through all-solid molten salt method (Fe/MSBCs), which can provide strong polarization force and liquid reaction environment to improve carbonization. As expected, the obtained Fe/MSBCs exhibits high surface area and fast interfacial electron transfer between FeS and biochar. More importantly, the partially oxidized FeS (001) facet facilitate H 2 O 2 adsorption and thermodynamically easily decomposition into •OH. Such a synergistic effect endowed them excellent photo-Fenton degradation performance for methyl orange (MO) with large kinetic rate constants (0.079 min −1 ) and high H 2 O 2 utilization efficiency (95.9%). This study first demonstrated the critical regulatory role of molten salt method in iron-based biochar composites, which provide an alternative for H 2 O 2 activator in water pollutant control.

摘要 : The incorporation of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with efficient charge carrier transport capability into a tin oxide (SnO2) solution and the utilization of their distinct mass properties for effective self-stratification are proposed as a method for enhancing the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. By employing an antisolvent spin-coating technique, an SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) with a gradient energy band structure is prepared. Devices based on this gradient energy band ETL exhibit an efficiency of 22.3%, whereas the efficiency of devices with a single SnO2 ETL, used as a reference, is only 19.8%. Moreover, for unencapsulated devices, an efficiency of 86% is retained after continuous testing for 1000 h at 40 °C by an AM 1.5 G lamp. Further investigation reveals that the introduction of GQDs not only forms a gradient energy band structure but also effectively passivates the defects in the SnO2 layer itself, thus ameliorating the issues of charge carrier separation and recombination during the transport process. This work presents an approach to SnO2 ETL design, not only applicable to perovskite solar cells but also offering inspiration for other optoelectronic devices.

摘要 : DNA methyltransferase is significant in cellular activities and gene expression, and its aberrant expression is closely linked to various cancers during initiation and progression. Currently, there is a great demand for reliable and label-free techniques for DNA methyltransferase evaluation in tumor diagnosis and cancer therapy. Herein, a low-background fluorescent RNA aptamer-based sensing approach for label-free quantification of cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides methyltransferase (M.SssI) is reported. The fluorogenic light-up RNA aptamers-based strategy exhibits high selectivity via restriction endonuclease, padlock-based recognition, and RNA transcription. By combining rolling circle amplification (RCA), and RNA transcription with fluorescence response of RNA aptamers of Spinach-dye compound, the proposed platform exhibited efficiently ultrahigh sensitivity toward M.SssI. Eventually, the detection can be achieved in a linear range of 0.02–100 U mL−1 with a detection limit of 1.6 × 10−3 U mL−1. Owing to these superior features, the method is further applied in serum samples spiked M.SssI, which delivers a recovery ranging from 92.0 to 107.0% and a relative standard deviation <7.0%, providing a promising and practical tool for determining M.SssI in complex biological matrices.

摘要 : The zero-bandgap properties of graphene (Gr) limit its various applications. Fluorination is an alternative strategy to open the bandgap to broaden its applications. However, traditional fluorination methods are detrimental to human health and contribute extensively to environmental pollution. Here, we develop a simple and safe process of weak fluorination that introduces fluorine atoms into Gr, breaking its zero-bandgap structure. This strategy is more environmentally friendly, risk-free, and harmless to humans, making it suitable for large-scale production. Through this highly controllable weak fluorination process, micro-area selective fluorination is achieved and induces excellent photoluminescence characteristics but maintains a high mobility, compared to the pristine Gr with zero bandgap. The degree of fluorination determines the photoelectric and transport properties of Gr. This work provides an experimental foundation for developing materials based on fluorinated graphene and designing high-performance functional devices.

摘要 : The current constraint and robustness improvement of the speed-current single-loop controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) are investigated. To begin with, a speed-current single-loop control for PMSM is proposed based on a novel proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. Additionally, a barrier penalty factor is introduced in the differential term of the PID to constrain the q-axis current. Moreover, an adaptive extended state observer (AESO) is proposed to attenuate the peak problem and compensate for the mismatched disturbances of the non-cascade-controlled PMSM. A rigorous stability analysis is conducted for the proposed system. Finally, extensive comparative simulations and experiments are performed among the proportional-integral (PI), PI-based ESO (PI-ESO), sliding mode control (SMC), and the proposed strategy to demonstrate better transient performance and higher robustness. Parametric perturbation experiments further demonstrate the strong robustness of the proposed method.