摘要 : Rapid in-situ detection is the development trend of modern environmental monitoring technology. Conventional detection technologies are often hindered by high costs and operational complexity, limiting their practical applicability. In this context, carbon-based nanozymes have emerged as a promising class of functional materials that combine the unique properties of nanomaterials with enzyme-mimicking catalytic activities. Through controlled synthesis scenarios, such as hydrothermal methods and chemical vapor deposition, precise modulation of their structural features can be achieved. Owing to their characteristics of high stability, low cost, and easy functionalization, carbon-based nanozymes can effectively mimic the activities of various enzymes, including the catalytic properties of peroxidase, oxidase, catalase, and glucose oxidase. Researches indicate that they exhibit remarkable sensitivity and selectivity in colorimetric and fluorescence sensing, enabling the effective detection of environmental pollutants such as heavy metal ions, organic pollutants, and pesticide residues. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in carbon-based nanozymes, with emphasis on synthetic scenarios, multienzyme-mimetic activities, and colorimetric and fluorometric sensing applications in environmental monitoring. Studies have been conducted on synthesis parameters, material structures, enzyme-mimicking behaviors, and reaction kinetics, while also exploring the promoting and competitive roles of carbon-based nanozymes in the sensing and detection of environmental pollutants. To address key challenges such as biocompatibility and large-scale production, future exploration should focus on synergistic breakthroughs in functional integration and performance enhancement to advance the practical application of this technology in the sensing and assay of environmental pollutants.

摘要 : Diphenyl Phosphate (DPhP), as a major metabolite and environmental pollutant of aromatic organophosphorus flame retardants, has garnered considerable attention due to its widespread occurrence in environmental matrices and potential health risks. In this study, we established an integrative framework combining network toxicology, transcriptomics, and zebrafish assays to elucidate the toxicological mechanisms of DPhP. Network toxicology and transcriptomic analyses consistently revealed that DPhP-responsive genes were predominantly enriched in pathways governing cellular energy homeostasis, including glucose-lipid metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. These results collectively suggest that DPhP perturbs glucose and lipid metabolic processes, impairs mitochondrial function, and compromises ATP-generating capacity. In vivo validation using zebrafish further demonstrated pronounced metabolic reprogramming following DPhP exposure. At 25 μM, DPhP significantly elevated whole-body glucose (∼1.3-fold vs. control) and pyruvate levels (∼5-fold), and induced hepatic lipid accumulation, as evidenced by increased triglyceride (TG; ∼3-fold) and total cholesterol (T-CHO; ∼3-fold) concentrations. This metabolic shift was accompanied by a marked decline in mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibition of electron transport chain activity, and a substantial reduction in ATP content (to less than 25% of control). These metabolic perturbations ultimately manifested as pericardial edema, impaired growth, vascular abnormalities, and concentration-dependent behavioral alterations. By delineating the cascade from mitochondrial dysfunction to systemic energy imbalance and multi-organ toxicity, this study provides novel mechanistic insights into the action of DPhP. Furthermore, the integrative paradigm linking chemical structure analysis, target prediction, omics profiling, and in vivo validation offers a versatile methodological framework for advancing mechanistic toxicology research and environmental risk assessment of emerging contaminants.

摘要 : Pyrethroid insecticides are widely applied in agricultural production' however, they remain highly toxic to aquatic organisms. Therefore, the development of rapid on-site detection methods of pyrethroids is crucial for environmental risk assessment and regulatory monitoring. To address this issue, a novel strategy was designed based on fluorescent variations of silicon quantum dots (SiQDs). A series of SiQDs functionalized with phenylhydrazine derivatives were fabricated and evaluated, among which the optimized LOD was 0.13 μM (6.57 μg/kg). The structure-property relationship was systematically elucidated through theoretical calculations integrated with machine learning approaches. By employing a smartphone-assisted portable fluorescence device, on-site and real-time monitoring of pyrethroids' residues in real-world waters and olives was successfully achieved with high accuracy and precision. Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model invertebrate, toxicological assessment confirmed the environmental friendliness of the newly developed method. Therefore, the present approach holds great promise for applications in environmental protection, and the advancement of green pest control technologies.

摘要 : Detecting tetracyclines' (TC) residues is of great significance for evaluating the food and environmental safety. Herein, we pioneered a reversible-responsive ratiometric fluorometry by integrating the red fluorescence of Eu 3+ /GMP lanthanide coordination polymers (Eu 3+ /GMP LCPs) with the blue fluorescence of an anthracene-based imidazolium ionic liquid (ABIIL). In the presence of TC, the fluorescence of ABIIL was quenched by TC via the inner-filter effect and photoinduced electron-transfer process, but that of Eu 3+ /GMP LCPs was enhanced owing to the antenna effect between Eu 3+ and TC. Based on the reversible variations of the fluorescence signals, a fluorescent assay based on ABIIL-Eu 3+ /GMP LCPs was engineered to detect TC with satisfactory sensitivity and selectivity. A good linearity for TC was acquired from 0 to 50 μM with the detection limit of 3.0 nM and the significant color changes. Therefore, the assay was a promising approach for the visual detection of TC in complex media

摘要 : Increasing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in dietary is becoming a significant worldwide problem due to their direct threat to human health. To achieve rapid and sensitive detection of PAHs, nanocomposites were fabricated by confining ionic liquids (ILs) within magnetic covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs). After the confinement of [C 8 MIM][PF 6 ] into MCOFs, the resulting MCOF@8 C maintained high crystallinity comparable to that of the pristine MCOF, limited the diffusion of ILs and reduced the aggregation effect caused by their high viscosity. The MCOF@8 C/HPLC-FLD method gave low detection limits (0.01–0.15 μg kg −1 ), good recoveries (85.32–99.57 %) with RSDs ≤ 5.03 % for seven PAHs congeners across five types of edible oils. In general, this study not only provides an excellent substitute for conventional multifunctional composites, but also develops a superior methodology for monitoring trace-level PAHs in complicated food matrices.

摘要 : Heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions have broadened the pH adaptation window of traditional homogeneous Fenton during water purification. However, the sharp decrease in their activity under macro-neutral conditions is still a large challenge. More importantly, although it has been realized that the pH value always changes during the heterogeneous Fenton-like process, there are still a few research focuses on the degradation mechanisms in different pH systems, especially the difference between initial neutral and the buffered neutral system. This study reports a pyrite/hematite (FeS2/Fe2O3) nanocomposite mineral capable of degrading organic pollutants under different pH system. Interestingly, the free radical switching from hydroxyl radical dominated in initial neutral system into mainly superoxide radical in buffer neutral condition. Moreover, there is a relatively fast electron transfer between the two types of iron ore through formation of Fe-S bond. The spontaneous formation of sulfur vacancies during the degradation process also promotes the Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle. In addition, the photoactivated Fe3+/Fe2+ valence cycle restores the degradation rate of the deactivated catalyst in the dark reaction to 80%, breaking through the bottleneck of "iron ion precipitation inactivation" in the traditional Fenton system. This research provides a new strategy for constructing composite nano-iron ore and eliminates the pH limitation for Fenton-like wastewater control technologies.

摘要 : Many environmental pollutants are known to exhibit neurotoxic effects; however, the initiating molecular events and their associated adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) remain largely unclear. This study investigated the role of circRNA266 and its target miRNA in Triclosan (TCS)-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) based on candidates circRNAs identified via high-throughput sequencing. Toxicological effects were characterized at multiple levels, including phenotype alterations, motor behavior, neural damage, and the expression of marker genes. TCS exposure was found to upregulate circRNA266, thereby reducing the availability of free miR-214. As a crucial neuroprotective factor, miR-214 downregulation was associated with increased expression of dapk2 and gad2, resulting in elevated inhibitory neurotransmitter levels and neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis suggests that the upregulation of circRNA266 by TCS may occur via its interaction with U2AF1, thereby disrupting the splicing of the tecra gene. While high concentrations of TCS caused marked neurotoxic phenotypes and behavioral impairments, environmentally relevant concentrations did not elicit overt symptoms. Nonetheless, the activation of key molecular events within the AOP framework suggests a potential neurotoxic risk even at low exposure levels. This study is the first to confirm that TCS induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish by interfering with the splicing of the tecra gene and mediating the regulatory role of the circRNA266/miR-214/ dapk2 - gad2 signaling axis. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of TCS-induced neurotoxicity and propose a potential new AOP model for environmental risk assessment.

摘要 : Polylactic acid (PLA) plastics are widely utilized as biodegradable alternatives, yet their fragmentation into microplastics (MPs) poses ecological risks. Comprehensive assessments and mechanistic insights into their immunotoxicity are currently lacking. This study systematically evaluated immunotoxic effects and underlying mechanism of pristine and aged PLA (APLA) MPs in larval zebrafish. UV treatment resulted in surface fragmentation, bond cleavage, reduced particle size, and increased oxygen-containing functional groups. Larval exposure (6–120 hpf) to PLA/APLA led to preferential intestinal accumulation, with APLA showing greater bioaccumulation than PLA. Under the influence of intestinal digestive enzymes, PLA/APLA MPs underwent degradation to varying extents. Additionally, PLA/APLA exposure intensified oxidative stress, evidenced by increased SOD activity and excessive accumulation of ROS, MDA, and NO. It also increased innate immune cells, suppressed T-cell differentiation, and inhibited humoral immunity, with stronger effects observed for APLA. Mechanistic studies revealed that PLA/APLA activated the NF-κB signaling pathway, as evidenced by stable binding of PLA to NF-κB1 and NF-κB2 in molecular docking analysis. This was further validated by reduced immunotoxic effects upon treatment with the NF-κB inhibitor QNZ. These findings provide critical scientific evidence to guide the forecasting and prevention for the environmental health risk of biodegradable plastic particles.

摘要 : Artificial photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) stands out as a burgeoning and promising strategy for solar energy utilization, marked by environmental friendliness and industrial feasibility. However, owing to the intrinsic strong Coulomb interactions of singlet Frenkel excitons derived from conjugated polymer, carbon nitride always shows limited exciton dissociation. Here, an in-plane carbon ring/carbon nitride heterojunction with phosphorus doping (P/C-PCN) was constructed by using a facile on-step pyrolysis of sodium phytate and melamine. The sodium phytate contains phosphoric groups with dispersed around benzene rings, in which P atoms tend to bond simultaneously with carbon and nitrogen to form interfacial P doping. Experimental and theoretical calculations confirm that the incorporation of carbon domain endows built-in electric field for carrier separation and light adsorption, while the phosphorus doping facilitates the O 2 adsorption. Consequently, the P/C-PCN2.4 exhibits a remarkable H 2 O 2 yield rate (3092.7 μmol g −1 h −1 ) under full spectrum irradiation and limitation of undesired H 2 O 2 decomposition. In-situ DRIFT spectra and sacrificial agent experiment confirms that •O 2 − are the major intermediates, validating two-step single electron-based ORR pathway. These findings offer viable strategies for tailoring copolymerization process of carbon nitride to pave the way for further advancements in artificial photosynthesis H 2 O 2 technology.

摘要 : Due to the lack of typical reactive functional groups in pyrethroids' molecules, it remains a substantial challenge for the rapid, broad-spectrum and on-site detection of pyrethroids in environmental waters and crops. Conventional detection techniques often rely on bulky analytical instruments and complex sample pretreatment procedures, with limited applicability across different pyrethroid species. To overcome the above drawbacks, a dual-emission fluorescence sensing system based on hydrazine-modified coumarin fluorophores was pioneered for pyrethroids' residual analysis. The strategy innovatively exploited the specific reaction between the hydrazine group and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (3-PBD, a main hydrolytic product of pyrethroids), enabling indirect yet broad-spectrum detection of pyrethroids. The underlying mechanisms were further elucidated by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The as-fabricated sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 102.6 nM for 3-PBD. To overcome the poor reproducibility commonly associated with image-based rapid detection methods, we designed a fluorescence visual converter (FVC), which significantly improved data objectivity and repeatability, making it more suitable for field applications. Using the FVC, the average spiked recoveries in cucumber samples were 100.07–102.83 %, and those in water samples were 98.24–100.27 %, with LOD of 1.38 and 0.79 μM for 3-PBD, respectively, demonstrating high accuracy and practicality. Moreover, zebrafish embryonic-larval exposure experiments were conducted to evaluate the environmental safety of the newly developed sensor materials, confirming their biocompatibility and eco-friendly nature. In summary, this novel fluorescent sensor provides an effective solution for on-site rapid detection of pyrethroids' residues with high accuracy and sensitivity as well as environmental safety.