摘要 : Bacterial infections pose a significant public health threat and compromise the quality of life of affected individuals. Although conventional detection methods such as culture-based and immunological assays remain foundational in diagnostic practice, they are often limited by prolonged processing times and susceptibility to background interference, particularly in complex biological matrices. This review explores the emergence of intelligent nanosensors that synergize nanotechnology, microfluidics, and artificial intelligence to overcome these limitations. We examine how these integrated systems enhance detection performance through three key dimensions: improving selectivity via advanced sample pretreatment, boosting sensitivity with signal amplification strategies, and ensuring accuracy through machine learning-driven data decoding. A critical focus is placed on the emerging trend of expanding detection targets from whole bacteria to bacterial derivatives, specifically extracellular vesicles and volatile organic compounds. Finally, we discuss current technical challenges and future prospects for translating these intelligent sensing platforms into clinical infectious disease diagnosis.

摘要 : In the past decade, the functionalization of N-benzyl ketimines has emerged as an attractive way toward the concise synthesis of α-substituted benzyl amine derivatives. Besides the traditional nucleophilic substitution with 2-azaallyl anions to alkyl halides, recent progress has focused on CC bond formation via 2-azaallyl radicals. These processes require the use of a strong base to convert N-benzyl ketimines to 2-azaallyl anions, which perform as organic super-electron-donors, and only electrophiles can be used as the radical precursors for the coupling partners. Herein, we present the photoinduced benzylation and allylation of N-benzyl ketimines with nucleophiles as the radical precursors, such as allyl Bpins (pinacol boronic esters) and 4-benzyl Hantzsch esters. Lauroyl peroxide is employed to mediate 2-azaallyl radical generation via a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process and furnish the redox cycle of the photocatalyst.

摘要 : Bioinspired nanozymes, a class of bio-nanomaterials with enzymatic-like activity, are garnering attention due to their high stability under harsh condition, ease of preparation, and wide-range application in biomedical field. Among them physical stimuli responsive nanozymes demonstrate unique advantages including prompt remote control, precise spatial orientation, non-invasive adverse effect, and bioinert behavior without external stimuli. Moreover, the active materials produced by these nanozymes enable its application in tumor immunotherapy. This review presents recent bioinspired nanozymes with physical stimuli responsive performance for cancer immunotherapy. First, we summarize the mechanisms of physical responsive nanozymes, focusing on photonic-responsive, ultrasound-responsive, magnetic-responsive and force-responsive nanozymes. Additionally, it extensively introduces the preparation methods for several classical nanozymes, including single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metals, metal oxides and other backbone nanozyme. Furthermore, we elaborate on the diverse applications of these bioinspired nanozymes in tumor immunotherapy by conducting in-depth research on their stimulus-response behaviors to better understand their functional roles in cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the current challenge and the great immunotherapeutic prospect of these nanozymes are presented. This review may provide a theoretical foundation and guide for future application of bioinspired physical responsive nanozymes in tumor immunotherapy.

摘要 : MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potential biomarkers for cancer and various diseases, but their ultrasensitive detection is challenging due to low abundance, high sequence homology, and instability. Conventional methods like qRT-PCR offer good sensitivity but are limited by their complex protocols. Catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA), an enzyme-free isothermal amplification technique, offers a versatile and robust alternative for miRNA sensing with high specificity. This review analyzes advances in CHA-based miRNA biosensing, with a focus on strategic evolution for enhancing performance. These include engineering chain reaction-cascade circuits, integrating enzyme-assisted systems, incorporating functional nanomaterials, and designing DNA nanostructures for proximity induction and spatial confinement. Furthermore, we analyzed the challenges faced in the clinical translation of CHA-based miRNA analysis, and outlined the corresponding engineered strategies. Finally, we provided a perspective on the integration of CHA with emerging fields, aiming to offer guidance for the development of a standardized and robust miRNA analysis platform.

摘要 : Nannochloropsis Oceanica ( N. Oceanica ), widely distributed across global marine environments, is rich in proteins and amino acids, serving as an excellent source of nitrogen self-doped biomass carbon. Further modification and optimization of this microalga for constructing high-performance sensing platforms hold significant research and practical implications. This study strategically employs iron doping during low-temperature carbonization to modulate the structural and electronic properties of N. Oceanica -derived carbon. Results demonstrate that varying iron concentrations greatly accelerates graphitization, tailors the pore architecture, and significantly increases the specific surface area, thereby creating abundant catalytic active sites. The optimized iron-doped carbon material serves as a highly effective electrocatalyst when integrating into silk fabric-based screen-printed electrodes. These biosensors achieve exceptional dopamine (DA) detection performance, featuring a remarkably low detection limit (3 nM) and a broad linear range (0.01–2000 μM). Crucially, mechanistic analysis reveals that iron facilitates electrocatalytic activity and significantly enhance charge-transfer efficiency, thereby significantly boosting catalytic ability. This work establishes a novel, low-temperature iron-doping strategy for transforming biomass carbon into a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and high-performance platform for flexible electrochemical DA biosensors, paving a way for advanced bioanalytical applications.

摘要 : Vibrio anguillarum poses a serious threat to food safety, human health and aquaculture. At present, sensitive visual detection methods for V. anguillarum remain scarce. In this study, a novel dual-signal sensing system was constructed for the highly specific and visual detection of V. anguillarum. The system leverages loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction to generate abundant AT-rich double-strand DNA products in the presence of the target pathogen. These products serve as templates for in-situ synthesis of copper nanoclusters (CuNCs), which exhibit both strong fluorescence and peroxidase-mimicking activity. The fluorescence intensity of CuNCs was positively correlated with the concentration of V. anguillarum, enabling quantitative fluorescence detection. Simultaneously, the CuNCs with peroxidase-like activity can catalyze the oxidation of colorless 3, 3', 5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue oxTMB, allowing straightforward colorimetric readout. This dual-mode approach achieved outstanding sensitivity, with detection limits as low as 18 CFU/mL for fluorescence and 108 CFU/mL for colorimetry. The system also demonstrated high specificity against related pathogenic bacteria and was successfully applied to detect V. anguillarum in real turbot samples, showing excellent recovery and reliability. Notably, a closed-vial configuration effectively minimized aerosol-derived carryover contamination, and a portable colorimetric test paper further enabled visual point-of-care analysis. This work provides a robust and versatile strategy for rapid, visual, and accurate detection of V. anguillarum, and serves as a reference for developing detection platforms for other pathogens.

摘要 : Achieving efficient and stable bifunctional water electrolysis catalysis at industrial-scale current densities is a key challenge for large-scale green hydrogen applications. Herein, we employ an innovative hydrothermal-annealing coupled reduction strategy to fabricate a single-atom ruthenium-anchored Ni4Mo/NiMoO4 hierarchical needle-like morphology catalyst (Ru-Ni4Mo/NiMoO4). Owing to robust metal-support interactions (MSI), this catalyst demonstrates exceptional bifunctional activity and exceptionally high stability in alkaline electrolyte conditions. At an industrial-scale current density of 500 mA cm−2, the overpotentials for HER and OER are only 140 and 420 mV, respectively, exceeding the performance of commercial Pt/C and RuO2 catalysts. Of particular note, the catalyst exhibits exceptional operational stability over an extended duration exceeding 700 h at 500 mA cm−2. Mechanistic studies indicate that single-atom Ru tailors the electronic structure through MSI, thereby modulating the adsorption energy of key intermediates, while the needle-like morphology enhances mass transfer and bubble desorption. This work presents a novel strategy for designing water-splitting catalysts with high current density and long lifetime.

摘要 : The high energy density and inherent safety feature of solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) have drawn considerable interest. Nevertheless, the widespread deployment of SSLMBs remains constrained by insufficient ionic conductivity. Herein, we report a high-performance Li-salt-loaded cellulose nanocrystal-reinforced PVDF-HFP solid-state electrolyte (Li-CPSE) through a sustainable freeze-casting, salt-loading, and in situ photopolymerization strategy. This design enables vertically aligned ion-transport pathways, integrates internal Li + reservoirs with stabilized interfacial chemistry, and constructs a mechanically robust rigid-flexible 3D framework. Owing to these synergistic advantages, Li-CPSE exhibits fast Li + transport (1.06 mS cm −1 at 30 °C), a reduced activation barrier (0.18 e V ), and a broad electrochemical window reaching 5.0 V. Meanwhile, SSLMBs based on Li-CPSE exhibit long-term cycling durability, retaining 98.2% of the original capacity over 500 cycles in Li/LiFePO 4 cells. Flexible pouch cell further demonstrated excellent mechanical resilience and cycling stability, retaining 92.2% capacity over 70 cycles with an average coulombic efficiency of 99.9%, while continuously powering LEDs under bending and cutting. Additionally, bipolar stacking of two pouch cells delivers 6.78 V, sufficient to power commercial 5.3 V devices. The work highlights a scalable and sustainable strategy for advancing high-performance polymer electrolytes toward practical SSLMB applications.

摘要 : Rapid population growth and climate instability are putting immense strain on global food systems, making the shift to intelligent agriculture essential. Precision Agriculture supported by the Internet of Things (IoT) helps improve resource management, but it is currently limited because it lacks real-time physiological data directly from plants. Flexible wearable sensors, which adhere conformally to plant surfaces, are ideal for filling this gap as they provide continuous, high-fidelity spatiotemporal data on plant health. This review examines the state-of-the-art in these devices, covering their materials, sensing mechanisms, and fabrication methods. We also emphasize how Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms process this multimodal sensor data to enable accurate diagnostics and predictive decision-making. Finally, the review explores how integrating these sensors into agricultural IoT networks can help build closed-loop, climate-resilient farming systems.

摘要 : Cellulose has garnered significant attention in material science and energy storage due to its unique supramolecular structure and excellent mechanical properties. In particular, cellulose-based electrolytes have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation energy devices. However, the fundamental supramolecular interactions governing their structural evolution and ion-transport dynamics remain unclear. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the supramolecular chemistry of cellulose-based electrolytes, emphasizing the synergistic roles of hydrogen bonding, electrostatic coordination, van der Waals forces, and π–π interactions in directing molecular self-assembly, solvation regulation, and dynamic ion migration. The discussion integrates molecular conformations within crystalline–amorphous domains with the hierarchical organization of supramolecular networks, thereby linking interfacial chemistry with macroscopic functionality such as ionic conductivity, interfacial stability, and mechanical robustness. We also critically analyze the cooperative supramolecular effects between cellulose matrices and functional additives to reveal structure–property correlations. The review closes by proposing rational design strategies for cellulose-based electrolytes and offering insights into their potential applications in the field of energy storage.